Chapter 28 America on the World Stage Notes

Chapter 28 America on the World Stage

- Filipinos assumed would get independence, Senate refused.

o Open insurrection led by Emilio Aguinaldo.

“Little Brown Brothers” in the Philippines

- Ill-equipped Filipinos badly defeated

o Led to guerilla warfare

o US soldiers used painful “water cure” forcible torturing on Filipinos.

§ Reconstruction camps established like those used by “Butcher” Weyler in Cuba.

- McKinley appoints Philippine Commission to make appropriate recommendations

o Out of worry for problem of government for conquered islanders.

§ Headed by William Taft.

§ Called the Filipinos his “little brown brothers”.

- Mckinley’s “benevolent assimilation” very slow

o American dollars into roads, sanitation, public health.

o Economic ties esp in sugar developed

o Set up a good school system

§ English second language.

- “Help ill received

o Resisted until they got freedom in 4th of July 1946

o Meantime thousands of Filipinos emigrated to US

Hinging the Open Door in China

- China defeated by Japan in Sino-Japanese Wars, and Russia and Germany among other European powers moved in.

o Increasing spheres of influence.

- Americans worried about expansion

o Churches might lose missionary strongholds

o Manufacturers and exporters might lose power through European monopoly in Chinese markets.

- As a result secretary of State John Hay dispatched the Open Door Note

o Focused on the commercial rights in Chinese, say that powers respect certain Chinese rights and ideal of fair competition.

§ Italy only power to accept unconditionally (had no foothold in China)

§ Others accepted in condition that others accept unconditionally

§ Russia only one to reject due to Manchuria designs.

o Saw refusal as acceptance and proclaimed Open Door in effect.

- Led to very patriotic grou pof Boxers w/ “Kill Foreign Devils”

o Missionaries one of first targets.

o Foreign diplomaets besieged.

o America involved in joint rescue force to quell rebellion and went against principles of noninvolvement.

- $333 million China made to pay, Amer would have share of 24 mil, but remitted 18

o China used to use money to educate selected group of Chinese students in US.

- John Hay in response to possibility that powers may use Boxer Rebellion as pretext, announced that Open Door would embrace territorial integrity of China in addition to commercial integrity.

o Major powers would agree as none of them could trust others not to seek their own advantage.

Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?

- McKinley with momentum

o Country through victorious war, rich real estate, est. gold standard, promoted prosperity.

o Theodore Roosevelt TR elected as vice president.

§ Due to local political bosses finding him hard to manage.

- William Jennings Bryan choice of Democrats

o Silver issue now non-existent but forced the silver issue as a plank.

o But Democratic party declared paramount issue was Republican imperialism.

- Energetic Roosevelt toured country, cut heavily into Bryan’s support in Midwest.

- Democrats attacked “enslavement” of Filipinos while Republicans returned charging that Bryanism was issue.

o Meant that Bryan would destroy current prosperity by getting free-silver.

- 1896 McKinley won by favorable margin.

o Appealed to the prosperity and protection that Americans wanted.

TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick

- McKinley murdered by anarchist

- TR succeeds

o A lot of energy through Rough Riders.

o Champion of military and naval preparedness.

o Speak softly and carry a big stick and you will go far.

- Great stir wherever TR went.

o Very confident in his assertions.

o Moralizer and reformer.

o Master politician

o Enormous popular appeal b/c common people saw in him a fiery champion

- Detested many of the corrupted bosses.

o However learned that he should still work with them.

- Direct actionist, that president should lead.

o Found courts, law too slow (never lawyer)

o No real respect for checks and balances.

Columbia Blocks the Canal

- Spanish American War emphasized need for canal across Central America.

o Oregon took long time to cross around South America at outbreak of war.

o Canal would increase mobility of strengthening defenses

- Initial obstacles were legal

o Clayton-Bulwer Treaty in 1850 concluded that US could not secure exclusive control over route.

o However by then British concluded w/ Hay Pauncefote Treaty which gave US free hand to build canal and right to fortify it.

§ Had an unfriendly Europe and Boer War.

- Choosing the route

o Many favored the Nicaraguan route where old French Canal Company had started on the process.

o Philippe Bunau-Varilla and the New Panama Canal Company suddenly dropped price

- U.S. had lease for 6 mile zone in perpetuity for exchange of 10 mil

o Columbia Senate rejected pact and TR enraged.

Uncle Sam Creates Puppet Panama

- Panama ready for another revolt.

o Counted on prosperity following canal that was never built.

o Feared that US would now turn to Nicaraguan route and not benefit them.

- Bunau-Varilla did not want to lose $40 mil.

o RAISED A “PATRIOT ARMY”

o Panama Revolution – Columbian troops gathered to crush uprising, but U.S. troops would not let them cross the isthmus

§ TR justified by questionable interp of treaty of 1846 of Columbia which obligated US to maintain “perfect neutrality”.

- Soon after uprising, Bunau Varilla now PM of Panama, signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty in Washington.

o Price of canal same, zone extended.

o French company got $40 mil from US Treasurey.

- Roosevelt did not plot to get Panama from Columbia.

o But rebels knew of his views and counted on him using force to hold Columbia.

o European imperialists now criticizing.

Completing the Canal and Appeasing Columbia

- Stealing Panama from Latin America led to decline of Latin American relations.

o Began “Big Brother” policy

o Latin America not safe from America.

- TR defended that Columbia wronged US by not letting be benefited.

o But failed to point out that Nicaragua route equalliy feasible and made available w/o revolution.

§ This alternative = delay and election of 1904 approaching.

- Difficulties in building.

o Organization perfected by Colonel George Washington Goethals

§ Exterminate yellow fever in Havana and made Canal Zone just as safe.

o $400 mil, finished just when WWI.

o James Bryce English writer: “greatest liberty Man has ever taken with Nature”

TR’s Perversion of Monroe’s Doctrine

- Latin American debts = more TR involve.

o Venezuela indebted to British and Germany – Germany sinks Venezuelan gunboats.

- TR saw as violation of Monroe Doctrine.

o Devised “preventative intervention” or the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

§ In event of future financial malfeasance by Latin American nations, US would intervene, take over customs house, pay off debts.

o Effective in 1905 and took over management of tariff in Dominican Republic. s

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