Chapter 28 America on the World Stage
- Filipinos assumed would get independence, Senate refused.
o Open insurrection led by Emilio Aguinaldo.
“Little Brown Brothers” in the Philippines
- Ill-equipped Filipinos badly defeated
o Led to guerilla warfare
o US soldiers used painful “water cure” forcible torturing on Filipinos.
§ Reconstruction camps established like those used by “Butcher” Weyler in Cuba.
- McKinley appoints Philippine Commission to make appropriate recommendations
o Out of worry for problem of government for conquered islanders.
§ Headed by William Taft.
§ Called the Filipinos his “little brown brothers”.
- Mckinley’s “benevolent assimilation” very slow
o American dollars into roads, sanitation, public health.
o Economic ties esp in sugar developed
o Set up a good school system
§ English second language.
- “Help ill received
o Resisted until they got freedom in 4th of July 1946
o Meantime thousands of Filipinos emigrated to US
Hinging the Open Door in China
- China defeated by Japan in Sino-Japanese Wars, and Russia and Germany among other European powers moved in.
o Increasing spheres of influence.
- Americans worried about expansion
o Churches might lose missionary strongholds
o Manufacturers and exporters might lose power through European monopoly in Chinese markets.
- As a result secretary of State John Hay dispatched the Open Door Note
o Focused on the commercial rights in Chinese, say that powers respect certain Chinese rights and ideal of fair competition.
§ Italy only power to accept unconditionally (had no foothold in China)
§ Others accepted in condition that others accept unconditionally
§ Russia only one to reject due to Manchuria designs.
o Saw refusal as acceptance and proclaimed Open Door in effect.
- Led to very patriotic grou pof Boxers w/ “Kill Foreign Devils”
o Missionaries one of first targets.
o Foreign diplomaets besieged.
o America involved in joint rescue force to quell rebellion and went against principles of noninvolvement.
- $333 million China made to pay, Amer would have share of 24 mil, but remitted 18
o China used to use money to educate selected group of Chinese students in US.
- John Hay in response to possibility that powers may use Boxer Rebellion as pretext, announced that Open Door would embrace territorial integrity of China in addition to commercial integrity.
o Major powers would agree as none of them could trust others not to seek their own advantage.
Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?
- McKinley with momentum
o Country through victorious war, rich real estate, est. gold standard, promoted prosperity.
o Theodore Roosevelt TR elected as vice president.
§ Due to local political bosses finding him hard to manage.
- William Jennings Bryan choice of Democrats
o Silver issue now non-existent but forced the silver issue as a plank.
o But Democratic party declared paramount issue was Republican imperialism.
- Energetic Roosevelt toured country, cut heavily into Bryan’s support in Midwest.
- Democrats attacked “enslavement” of Filipinos while Republicans returned charging that Bryanism was issue.
o Meant that Bryan would destroy current prosperity by getting free-silver.
- 1896 McKinley won by favorable margin.
o Appealed to the prosperity and protection that Americans wanted.
TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
- McKinley murdered by anarchist
- TR succeeds
o A lot of energy through Rough Riders.
o Champion of military and naval preparedness.
o Speak softly and carry a big stick and you will go far.
- Great stir wherever TR went.
o Very confident in his assertions.
o Moralizer and reformer.
o Master politician
o Enormous popular appeal b/c common people saw in him a fiery champion
- Detested many of the corrupted bosses.
o However learned that he should still work with them.
- Direct actionist, that president should lead.
o Found courts, law too slow (never lawyer)
o No real respect for checks and balances.
Columbia Blocks the Canal
- Spanish American War emphasized need for canal across Central America.
o Oregon took long time to cross around South America at outbreak of war.
o Canal would increase mobility of strengthening defenses
- Initial obstacles were legal
o Clayton-Bulwer Treaty in 1850 concluded that US could not secure exclusive control over route.
o However by then British concluded w/ Hay Pauncefote Treaty which gave US free hand to build canal and right to fortify it.
§ Had an unfriendly Europe and Boer War.
- Choosing the route
o Many favored the Nicaraguan route where old French Canal Company had started on the process.
o Philippe Bunau-Varilla and the New Panama Canal Company suddenly dropped price
- U.S. had lease for 6 mile zone in perpetuity for exchange of 10 mil
o Columbia Senate rejected pact and TR enraged.
Uncle Sam Creates Puppet Panama
- Panama ready for another revolt.
o Counted on prosperity following canal that was never built.
o Feared that US would now turn to Nicaraguan route and not benefit them.
- Bunau-Varilla did not want to lose $40 mil.
o RAISED A “PATRIOT ARMY”
o Panama Revolution – Columbian troops gathered to crush uprising, but U.S. troops would not let them cross the isthmus
§ TR justified by questionable interp of treaty of 1846 of Columbia which obligated US to maintain “perfect neutrality”.
- Soon after uprising, Bunau Varilla now PM of Panama, signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty in Washington.
o Price of canal same, zone extended.
o French company got $40 mil from US Treasurey.
- Roosevelt did not plot to get Panama from Columbia.
o But rebels knew of his views and counted on him using force to hold Columbia.
o European imperialists now criticizing.
Completing the Canal and Appeasing Columbia
- Stealing Panama from Latin America led to decline of Latin American relations.
o Began “Big Brother” policy
o Latin America not safe from America.
- TR defended that Columbia wronged US by not letting be benefited.
o But failed to point out that Nicaragua route equalliy feasible and made available w/o revolution.
§ This alternative = delay and election of 1904 approaching.
- Difficulties in building.
o Organization perfected by Colonel George Washington Goethals
§ Exterminate yellow fever in Havana and made Canal Zone just as safe.
o $400 mil, finished just when WWI.
o James Bryce English writer: “greatest liberty Man has ever taken with Nature”
TR’s Perversion of Monroe’s Doctrine
- Latin American debts = more TR involve.
o Venezuela indebted to British and Germany – Germany sinks Venezuelan gunboats.
- TR saw as violation of Monroe Doctrine.
o Devised “preventative intervention” or the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.
§ In event of future financial malfeasance by Latin American nations, US would intervene, take over customs house, pay off debts.
o Effective in 1905 and took over management of tariff in Dominican Republic. s
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